Which of the following outcomes is NOT associated with regular exercise in older adults?

Regular exercise in older adults is known to have numerous positive effects on various aspects of health and well-being. Specifically, it can help slow the decline of muscle mass, improve cardiovascular function, and enhance overall physical function.

When it comes to muscle mass, regular resistance training and aerobic activities can counteract the natural loss of muscle that occurs with aging. This preservation of muscle mass is essential for maintaining strength and functional independence in older adults.

Increased cardiovascular function is another significant benefit. Exercise strengthens the heart, improves circulation, and enhances the efficiency of the cardiovascular system, which can lead to a reduction in the risk of heart disease and other related conditions.

Improvements in overall physical function are also well-documented. Regular physical activity helps maintain balance, coordination, and flexibility, all of which are crucial for daily activities and reducing the risk of falls.

In contrast, regular exercise is not linked to heightened risk of chronic disease. In fact, the opposite is true: consistent exercise is associated with a reduced risk of many chronic diseases, including type 2 diabetes, obesity, and some forms of cancer. The evidence suggests that an active lifestyle plays a critical role in promoting longevity and health in older adults. Thus, the answer indicating heightened risk of chronic disease stands out