How do antioxidants function during intense physical activity?

Antioxidants play a significant role in mitigating the effects of oxidative stress that can occur during intense physical activity. During vigorous exercise, the body undergoes increased metabolic processes, which can generate reactive oxygen species (ROS) as by-products. These ROS can lead to oxidative damage to cells, proteins, and DNA, contributing to muscle fatigue and impairing recovery.

Antioxidants act by neutralizing these free radicals, thereby reducing oxidative stress and its harmful effects. They can be obtained through diet—such as vitamins C and E, beta-carotene, and various phytochemicals found in fruits and vegetables. By lowering oxidative stress, antioxidants can enhance recovery and improve overall performance, allowing athletes to train more effectively.

The other options do not align with the established understanding of how antioxidants function during intense exercise. For instance, increasing muscle fatigue or promoting oxidative stress would counteract the helpful role antioxidants provide during recovery and performance enhancement.